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When
the 1911 census came on line in 2009, I expect
that I was like many people who had not
previously investigated their family history.
This was the first census that had been taken
during the lifetime of my grandparents'
generation, and I was fascinated to see the
original forms filled in by their families. Three
of them were young children; one was not even
born yet. Their fathers did the kind of jobs I'd
expected - one was a foreman in a cement works,
another a baker's labourer, the third a roadsman
for the council, the last a horseman on a farm.
These were the lives of ordinary families of a
century ago. That's where I came from. An
interesting detail was to find that my maternal
grandparents, aged 8 and 7, were living just two
miles away from each other in two neighbouring
Cambridgeshire villages, Oakington and Dry
Drayton. Did they know each other already? I
imagined these two children passing in a country
lane without a glance, without the possibility of
even imagining that just eleven years later they
would be married. |
And then
there were my great-grandparents, of whom I knew nothing
- except one of them, who I could remember meeting when I
was very young, for she died when I was six. I could see
that she had been born in Dry Drayton. I knew her maiden
name, and, finding her parents living elsewhere in the
village, I found that they too had been born in Dry
Drayton. Her grandmother, who was still alive, had been
born in Dry Drayton.Her daughter, who would be my
grandmother, had also been born in Dry Drayton. I
wondered what it would be like, growing up and living as
a poor farmworker in what was by now a rather
characterless commuter village, generation after
generation.
My Dry
Drayton-born grandmother was the grandparent I knew best,
so I started poking back through earlier censuses, to
find the story of her mother's generation. I expected it
to be the story of poor, contented agricultural
labourers, working hard for not much money and going to
church on Sundays. What I found was quite different. For
a start, the family had run a bricklaying business (as
had, quite separately, another of my ancestral families).
Of my great-grandmother's brothers and sisters, three had
gone to live and work in the industrial slums of south
London, and they had never returned. One had gone to the
Midlands to become a coalminer. One, a soldier, had gone
to India. And another, the youngest, had been killed in
the first few minutes of the first day of the Battle of
the Somme.
Well, I
was hooked, as you can imagine. I was aware of the
temptation with family history to try and follow the male
line back as far as possible, perhaps even into the Dark
Ages, although you don't need to be a genealogist to
realise that the further back you go, the less reliable
the data gets. Also, every single one of my eight
great-grandparents was from a poor working-class family,
and these are the people who successfully disappear under
the statistical radar once the insistent census
enumerator has stopped knocking on the door. And in any
case, what interested me more was the story of those
eight great-grandparents, and the families of their
parents, the sixteen families of my
great-great-grandparents. This would take me back to the
very end of the 18th Century, before civil registration
began in 1836 or the first census to name names in 1841,
but recent enough for the data to be plentiful and
reasonably reliable.
It
has been an exciting quest, and it is still not
complete. All thirty two of my
great-great-great-grandparents were born in
England: twenty of them were born in
Cambridgeshire, seven of them in Kent, two each
in Suffolk and Essex and one in Devon. Given the
proximity to each other of the other four
counties, the Devon one seemed to me an exotic
species. I have been helped by the fact the the
parish records for both Cambridgeshire and Kent
(particularly the Medway area) have all been
immaculately either transcribed or filmed, and
are readily available. By piecing the data
together, and making contact with other
researchers, I have uncovered remarkable stories:
a young woman who walked 300 miles across England
in the 1840s while pregnant with my
great-great-grandmother. A convict who was
transported to Australia at the same period
leaving his daughter, another of my
great-great-grandmothers, in the workhouse.
Another great-great-grandmother probably knew
Charles Dickens. Indeed, Dickens's stories of the
workhouse became vivid for me. Most of my sixteen
families had an intimate relationship with the
workhouse. At least four of my
great-great-great-grandparents would die in one,
and so would one of my great-great-grandparents.
More than half of my ancestral families had
members with a record of a stay in the workhouse,
often as children. Dickens' Great
Expectations became especially resonant for
me, for it would turn out that one of my
great-great-great-grandfathers was a boy in
Higham, Kent, the village where Pip lives and
home to the churchyard where he meets Abel
Magwitch, while a great-great-great-grandfather
on the other side of my family was a convict on
the hulks. This happened at exactly the time at
which Dickens set the book. |
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The First
World War also loomed large. At least five of my direct
line ancestors were killed in the conflict, including two
in the Battle of the Somme just six miles and twenty days
apart. And back in England, villages that I had barely
heard of became touchstones, and I visited them with
excitement, and had the frisson of finding the
graves of direct line ancestors in three of them. More
than thirty Cambridgeshire parishes, and almost twenty in
Kent, have my direct line ancestors in their parish
records. And yet, because they were so poor, sometimes no
other record remains. Dozens of my ancestors are in the
Dry Drayton parish records back into the 16th Century,
but there are just two graves in the churchyard which
remember their names.
I had
always grown up thinking of Ely as the home of my family,
and searching the parish records and censuses emphasised
this. Three of my sixteen families had been in Ely since
the sixteenth century, and others would join them. In the
poor Waterside slums of the 19th Century, every single
street had my family names in it.
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The
next step is, I suppose, to follow some of these
families further back. I can't do all of them,
and besides, what would be the point? My
thirty-two great-great-great-grandparents had
large families, and so did their children. I
estimate that each of them had about five hundred
descendants of my generation, more than a
thousand of my children's generation. Each of
them died more than a century ago. And yet I
think that with several of them I would have
found much in common, much to talk about. I hope
that some of them might have recognised
themselves in me. As I talked to relatives
and shared my research, and came into contact
with other researchers, the richest fruits were
the photographs that began to appear, of
relatives I had never seen before, which brought
their stories to life. A great-uncle killed at
Ypres bears a startling resemblance to one of my
brothers born almost exactly half a century
later. My Dry Drayton-born grandmother as a child
a century ago looked exactly like my daughter
does now. The story goes on.
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If this is your first visit to this site, you
might start by exploring my four grandparents,
because that is how the site really began. Their index is
here.
Alternatively,
you might be interested in one of the sixteen
families which formed the goal of the research.
They are my great-great-grandparents' families listed in
order as if from left to right along the top of a family
tree, from my father's father's father's father's family
on one side to my mother's mother's mother's mother's
family on the other.
My
father's father's families:
Knott: the story
of the century in and around the Medway towns (my father's
father's father's father's family)
The story of
the Knott family is the story of the Industrial
Revolution. When we first enter their lives they are
agricultural labourers. As the 19th Century progresses,
they leave the fields and go into the factories. As the
Medway Towns grow and merge into each other, forming one
of the world's first industrial conurbations, the Knott
family come there, and for more than a century there they
remain. At first, the Knott men are employed in the
brickfields, and later in the cement factories. As the
industries decline, so the Knott family starts to spread
out into the rest of England.
Bowles: a long
walk through Victorian poverty (my father's
father's father's mother's family)
North
Kent looks to the Thames estuary, and to the open sea
beyond. Although its traditional industries of
brick-making, gunpowder manufacture and hop-growing are
well known, successive censuses show that a goodly
proportion of the inhabitants of parishes like Faversham,
Sittingbourne, Halstow and Upchurch earned their living
from the sea. Although the Bowles name can be traced to
Chilham, near Canterbury, we find them by the start of
the 19th Century living in Sittingbourne and Faversham,
and it is the second of these two ancient towns which
would become the family home. That the Bowles children
who came to adulthood in the late Georgian period were
mariners is beyond question, but popular family tradition
holds that their real trade was smuggling.
Waters: coming
home to the Medway (my father's father's mother's father's
family)
Waters is a
particularly common surname in north Kent, and the Waters
family are found throughout the 17th and 18th centuries
in the parish registers of the adjacent parishes of
Newington and Low Halstow in Kent, although there is no
indication that all the various strands of the name,
landowners and farmworkers, are actually related. My
Waters ancestors are certainly from one of the poorer
branches. But my great-grandfather could describe himself
as an engineer, a cut above the ordinary working classes
in the mid-Victorian period. Engineers were in great
demand during the height of the Industrial Revolution,
and it is perhaps no surprise that a year after their
marriage we find the Waters family living hundreds of
miles away from Kent in the slate mines of north-west
Wales, where he worked as a stationary engine driver,
probably in a quarry.
Harrall: out of
the pages of Charles Dickens (my father's
father's mother's mother's family)
Even today it
is easy to get lost in the narrow lanes of the Hoo
peninsula, despite the proximity of the Medway Towns.
This is the marsh country of Charles Dickens'
novel Great Expectations. When my
great-great-grandmother Mary Ann Harrall was seven years
old, Charles Dickens himself moved to her home village of
Higham. He would have been a familiar sight to the
Harrall family, because he was well-known for wandering
around country lanes, talking to working people. He used
many of these conversations in his novels, and turned
some of those he met into characters. I wonder what they
thought of him? I wonder if any of the Harralls are
disguised among his characters?
My
father's mother's families:
Page: from the
Cam to the Ouse to the Somme (my father's
mother's father's father's family)
The
pretty villages along the tributaries of the River Cam to
the south of Cambridge have now begun to merge into the
city's suburbia, but they must once have had identities
and loyalties of their own. Nevertheless, even in the
late 18th Century the Page family can be found scattered
through half a dozen of them. Over the decades, they
would work their way northwards, the agricultural workers
becoming industrial workers. It is the story of the
Nineteenth Century. My great-great-grandfather was a
stone dresser, and his work must have been in demand in
the 1870s when Cambridge, and its colleges in particular,
were undergoing a building boom. but perhaps his work
took him further afield, because he married my
great-great-grandmother in the Lady Chapel of Ely
Cathedral. It is likely that it was the restoration
project at this building which had brought him to Ely.
Wiseman: the
Waterside's labouring poor (my father's
mother's father's mother's family)
The
Waterside district of Ely was, until well into the 20th
Century, one of the poorest areas of housing in
Cambridgeshire. Four of my sixteen
great-great-grandparents lived and died there, and many
of their descendants were born in the same small group of
streets beside the river, including my father. What
brought the Wisemans from over the border in Mildenhall,
Suffolk, to the Waterside district we will never know,
but they married into the Appleyard family, an Ely
Waterside family of long standing, related to the
boatbuilding family of the same name. The Appleyard
boatyard still exists in Ely today.
Cross: at the
heart of the Waterside (my father's
mother's mother's father's family)
Cross
was the most common surname of all in the Ely Waterside
district of the 18th and 19th Centuries, and while it is
possible to trace my Cross ancestors back into the 18th
Century through the Holy Trinity parish registers, there
is also the opportunity for confusion. I can say for
certain that my great-great-great-great-grandparents were
married in the Lady Chapel of Ely Cathedral in 1828.
Their first child was baptised just six weeks later. It
is even possible that he was born before the marriage.
The father was a labourer, as his son would grow up to
be. They lived on Potters Lane, at the bottom of Back
Hill. Some of their descendants would still be living in
the same street more than a century later.
Carter: workers
from the bleak fen (my father's mother's mother's
mother's family)
The Carter family arrived in the Fens from
Wickhambrook in the rolling hills of south-west Suffolk.
They can be found in the Ely Holy Trinity records, but
they lived three miles out in the bleak fenlands, in the
village of Prickwillow. They were agricultural workers in
what was among the most exposed landscapes of England. In
the 19th Century they would move into the city of Ely to
work in the new agricultural processing factories. It is
the Industrial Revolution in miniature. But theirs was an
abusive family, with a sad ending.
My
mother's father's families:
Cornwell: a Histon
dynasty (my mother's father's father's father's
family)
Histon today is a sprawling northern suburb
of the city of Cambridge, but even in the 19th Century it
was a large and busy village, inextricably joined to the
neighbouring village of Impington. Traditionally a
farming community, it was also the home of the Chivers,
who built their first big fruit-processing factory in
Histon towards the end of the 19th Century. My
great-great-grandfather was born there in December 1819,
and was thus the first born of my sixteen
great-great-grandparents, entering the world when George
III was still on the throne, the year before Queen
Victoria was born, just four years after the Battle of
Waterloo.
Huckle: gone for
a soldier (my mother's father's father's mother's
family)
The large agricultural villages to the west
of Cambridge were home to my Huckle ancestors, and the
family they married into, the Farringtons, whose graves
can be found scattered throughout local churchyards. My
great-great-great-grandfather was born in Comberton, and
travelled a few miles west to get married in Bourn, where
my great-great-grandmother was born. The family soon
moved back to Comberton. In 1841, at the time of her
marriage, her father was recorded as a soldier, but he
was dead before the 1851 census, and buried in Comberton
churchyard. Huckles were still being buried at Comberton
until well into the 20th Century. Remarkably, a
photograph of his daughter survives.
Mortlock: crossing
the Great Ouse (my mother's father's mother's
father's family)
The
River Ouse threads up through the brickfields of
Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire, entering Cambridgeshire
to become the Great Ouse. Beside the river as it enters
the county is Swavesey, where the Mortlock family were
non-conformist millers and farmers in the late years of
the 18th Century. Their name appears in the parish
registers from about 1750 onwards. The name Mortlock is
still visible on Swavesey windmill, and the Mortlock
name, albeit from another strand of the family, is
remembered today in Cambridgeshire by the notorious
non-conformist financier John Mortlock, the self-styled
'master of the town of Cambridge', whose bank was the
first in the city. Even though they were only very
distantly related to him, my Mortlocks were the most
prosperous of my sixteen great-great-grandparents'
families.
Mansfield:
Huntingdonshire's underclass (my mother's
father's mother's mother's family)
In
1815, the year that Wellington defeated Bonaparte at the
Battle of Waterloo and thus the year that the 19th
Century began in earnest, my
great-great-great-grandfather was born
in Needingworth on the border between Huntingdonshire and
Cambridgeshire. In general, the Mansfield family had a
reputation for living outside the law, rarely marrying
and producing illegitimate children at a prodigious rate.
In 1851, a large minority of the inhabitants of the St
Ives workhouse had the Mansfield surname. My
great-great-great-grandfather was not among them,
however, because he had already been convicted of
breaking into a dwelling house, and he was transported to
Australia.
My
mother's mother's families:
Reynolds: out of
Essex, to Cambridge and beyond (my mother's
mother's father's father's family)
In the churchyard of
St Michael at Great Sampford in the gentle clay hills of
north-west Essex there is a line of Reynolds graves, with
three surviving headstones from the late 18th and 19th
Centuries. They were to the families of the brothers of
my direct-line ancestors. The Reynolds were an
established family in Great Sampford, and provided the
village tailors down the generations. But there can never
have been enough work to sustain every member of the
family, and in each generation there had to be others who
were mere farmworkers, and who moved away.
Carter: quiet
poverty in the hilly parishes of south-east
Cambridgeshire (my mother's mother's father's
mother's family)
Wandering
around the quiet, neat churchyards of St Mary, Shudy
Camps and All Saints Horseheath, not far from where
Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Essex meet, I could find no
mention of the Carter family, or the families they
married into, the Lucases, Alstons, the Parmenters. But
they were here, down the long generations, for the Carter
family feature in the records of these parishes and their
neighbours back into the 17th Century and beyond. Many
families in rural England before the Industrial
Revolution were poor, and many were large. The Carter
family, I think, were poorer and larger than most.
Anable: the long
Dry Drayton generations (my mother's
mother's mother's father's family)
My
great-great-grandparents were both born
in Dry Drayton, and were both from Dry Drayton families
of long standing. Despite the encroachment of Cambridge
suburbia across the fields, Dry Drayton is still largely
rural in character, although the parish does now contain
the large new village of Bar Hill to the north on the
busy A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon road - where,
incidentally, one of my Anable ancestors'
great-great-grandchildren lives with his family. The
Anables lived in the centre of Dry Drayton village, and
the family name first appears in the parish registers in
the 17th Century. Samuel's mother was a Rogers, and his
grandmothers' surnames were Markham and Chapman; these
three family names are found in the Dry Drayton registers
from the mid-16th Century onwards.
Stearn: a quiet
touchstone down the Dry Drayton centuries (my mother's
mother's mother's mother's family)
The
Stearn family appeared in the Dry Drayton parish records
for half a millennium, and then in the 1950s they quietly
disappeared. This is what happened to England. And what
else remains of them? One gravestone in the parish
churchyard. The name scattered across genealogical
websites. And yet, I have a photograph of my
great-great-grandmother in the 1930s, her parents already
dead in the Chesterton workhouse, standing in front of
her thatched cottage which no doubt had no running water
and certainly no electricity. All gone today, all gone.
But I am here, and many Stearn descendants come to read
this page. What would she have thought of that, I wonder?
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